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Chinese Calligraphy
Calligraphy is regarded in China as the art of writing, beautiful handwriting with the brush, or the study of the rules and techniques of this art. As a traditional art, calligraphy occupies the same position as painting in the history of Chinese art and constitutes an indispensable part of the heritage of national culture. In China many people can write a good hand, but ouly a few of them could become calligraphers. It takes painstaking effort and yeasr of assidudous practice to qualify oneself as an artist in this field. Like script, Chinese calligraphy began with the hieroglyphs and, over the long ages of evolution, has developed various styles and schools. Chinese scripts are classified into five catogories: the seal character(zhuan), the official or clerical script (li), the regular script (kai), the running hand (xing) and the cursive hand (cao ).
The zhuan script was the earliest form of writing after the oracle inscription. However, it lacked uniformity and many characters were written in variant forms, so it must have caused great incovenience. The first effort for the unification of writing, it is said, was made during the reign of King Xuan(827~782 B.C.)of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The taishi (grand historian)Shi Zhou compiled a lexicon of 15 characters to standardize Chinese wrting under script called zhuan. This script, often used in seals, is translated into English as the seal character, or as the "curly script" after the shape of its strokes. When Emperor Qin Shi Huan unified the whole of China under one central Government in 221 B.C., he ordered his Prime Minister Li Si to collect and sort out all the different systems of writing used in different parts of the country in an effort to unify the written language under one system. What Li did, in effect, was to simplify the ancient chuan and create xiaochuan (small seal) script.